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struts.xml是我们在开发中利用率最高的文件,也是Struts2中最重要的配置文件。
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一下分别介绍一下几个struts.xml中常用到的标签
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1、<include>
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利用include标签,可以将一个struts.xml配置文件分割成多个配置文件,然后在struts.xml中使用
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<include>标签引入其他配置文件。
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比如一个网上购物程序,可以把用户配置、商品配置、订单配置分别放在3个配置文件user.xml、
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goods.xml和order.xml中,然后在struts.xml中将这3个配置��件引入:
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struts.xml:
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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<!DOCTYPE struts PUBLIC
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"-//Apache Software Foundation//DTD Struts Configuration 2.0//EN"
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" http://struts.apache.org/dtds/struts-2.0.dtd">
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<struts>
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<include file="user.xml"/>
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<include file="goods.xml"/>
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<include file="order.xml"/>
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</struts>
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user.xml:
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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<!DOCTYPE struts PUBLIC
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"-//Apache Software Foundation//DTD Struts Configuration 2.0//EN"
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" http://struts.apache.org/dtds/struts-2.0.dtd">
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<struts>
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<package name="wwfy" extends="struts-default">
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<action name="login" class="wwfy.user.LoginAction">
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<!--省略Action其他配置-->
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</action>
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<action name="logout" class="wwfy.user.LogoutAction">
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<!--省略Action其他配置-->
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</action>
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</struts>
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2、<constant>
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在之前提到struts.properties配置文件的介绍中,我们曾经提到所有在struts.properties文件中定义的
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属性
,都可以配置在struts.xml文件中。而在struts.xml中,是通过<constant>标签来进行配置的:
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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<!DOCTYPE struts PUBLIC
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"-//Apache Software Foundation//DTD Struts Configuration 2.0//EN"
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<struts>
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<!--设置开发模式-->
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<constant name="struts.devMode" value="true"/>
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<!--设置编码形式为GB2312-->
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<constant name="struts.i18n.encoding" value="GB2312"/>
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<!--省略其他配置信息-->
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</struts>
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3、<package>
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1、包属性介绍
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在Struts2框架中是通过包来管理action、result、interceptor、interceptor-stack等配置信息的。包属
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性如下:
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属性
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是否必需
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描述
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name 是 包名,作为其它包应用本包的标记
(联动北方技术论��� - Powered by Landingbj) [网际游航]extends 否 设置本包继承其它包
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namespace 否 设置包的命名空间
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abstact 否 设置为抽象包
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2、extends属性的详解
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•当一个包通过配置extends属性继承了另一个包的时候,该包将会继承父包中所有的配置,包括action、
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result、interceptor等。
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•由于包信息的获取是按照配置文件的先后顺序进行的,所以父包必须在子包之前被定义。
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•通常我们配置struts.xml的时候,都继承一个名为“struts-default.xml”的包,这是struts2中内置的包
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。
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3、namespace的详解
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namespace主要是针对大型项目中Action的管理,更重要的是解决Action重名问题,因为不在同一个命
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名空间的Action可以使用相同的Action名的。
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1)如果使用命名空间则URL将改变
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比如我们有一下配置文件
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<package name="wwfy" extends="struts-default">
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<result>/success.jsp</result>
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</action>
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</package>
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则此配置下的Action的URL为
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假如为这个包指定了命名空间
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<package name="wwfy" extends="struts-default" namespace="/user">
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<action name="login" class="wwfy.action.LoginAction">
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<result>/success.jsp</result>
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</action>
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</package>
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则此配置下的Action的URL为
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2)默认命名空间
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Struts2中如果没有为某个包指定命名空间,该包使用默认的命名空间,默认的命名空间总是""。
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3)指定根命名空间
(联动北方技术论�� - Powered by Landingbj) [网际游航]当设置了命名空间为“/”,即指定了包的命名空间为根命名空间时,此时所有根路径下的Action请求都会去
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这个包中查找对应的资源信息。
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假若前例中路径为
http://localhost:8080/login.action则所有
http://localhost:8080/*.action都会到
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设置为根命名空间的包中寻找资源。
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4、<action>与<result>
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1、<action>属性介绍
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属性
名称
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是否必须
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功能
描述
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name 是 请求的Action名称
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class 否 Action处理类对应具体路径
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method 否 指定Action中的方法名
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converter 否 指定Action使用的类型转换器
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如果没有指定method则默认执行Action中的execute方法。
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2、<result>属性介绍
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属性
名称
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是否必须
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功能
描述
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name 否 对应Action返回逻辑视图名称,默认为success
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type 否 返回结果类型,默认为dispatcher
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3、通配符的使用
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随着result的增加,struts.xml文件也会随之变得越来越复杂。那么就可以使用通配符来简化配置:
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例如下面这个案例:
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Action为Test.java
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public class Test {
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public String test1(){
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return "result1";
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}
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public String test2(){
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return "result2";
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}
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public String test3(){
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return "result3";
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}
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}
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struts.xml中配置为
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<package name="wwfy" extends="struts-default">
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<action name="test*" class="wwfy.action.test{1}">
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<result name="result{1}">/result{1}.jsp</result>
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</action>
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</package>
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4、访问Action方法的另一种实现方式
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在Struts2中如果要访问Action中的指定方法,还可以通过改变URL请求来实现,将原本的“Action名
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称.action”改为“Action名称!方法名称.action”在struts.xml中就不需要指定方法名了。
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5、<exception-mapping>与<global-exception-mapping>
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这两个标签都是用来配置发生异常时对应的视图信息的,只不过一个是Action范围的,一个是包范围的,当同
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一类型异常在两个范围都被配置时,Action范围的优先级要高于包范围的优先级.这两个标签包含的属性也是
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一样的:
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属性
名称
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是否必须
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功能
描述
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name 否 用来表示该异常配置信息
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result 是 指定发生异常时显示的视图信息,这里要配置为逻辑视图
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exception 是 指定异常类型
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两个标签的示例代码为:
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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<!DOCTYPE struts PUBLIC
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"-//Apache Software Foundation//DTD Struts Configuration 2.0//EN"
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" http://struts.apache.org/dtds/struts-2.0.dtd">
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<struts>
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<package name="default" extends="struts-default">
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<global-exception-mappings>
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<exception-mapping result="逻辑视图" exception="异常类型"/>
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</global-exception-mappings>
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<action name="Action名称">
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<exception-mapping result="逻辑视图" exception="异常类型"/>
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</action>
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</package>
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</struts>
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6、<default-class-ref>
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当我们在配置Action的时候,如果没有为某个Action指定具体的class值时,系统将自动引用<default-
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class-ref>标签中所指定的类。在Struts2框架中,系统默认的class为ActionSupport,该配置我们可以
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在xwork的核心包下的xwork-default.xml文件中找到。
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有特殊需要时,可以手动指定默认的class
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package wwfy.action;
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public class DefaultClassRef {
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public void execute(){
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System.out.println("默认class开始执行……");
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}
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}
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在struts.xml中配置
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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<!DOCTYPE struts PUBLIC
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"-//Apache Software Foundation//DTD Struts Configuration 2.0//EN"
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" http://struts.apache.org/dtds/struts-2.0.dtd">
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<struts>
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<package name="wwfy" extends="struts-default">
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<!-- 指定默认class为Test -->
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<default-class-ref class="wwfy.action.DefaultClassRef"/>
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<action name="test1">
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<result>/index.jsp</result>
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</action>
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</package>
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</struts>
(联动北方技术论坛 - Powered by Landingbj) [网��游航]7、<default-action-ref>
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如果在请求一个没有定义过的Action资源时,系统就会抛出404错误。这种错误不可避免,但这样的页面并
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不友好。我们可以使用<default-action-ref>来指定一个默认的Action,如果系统没有找到指定的Action
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,就会指定来调用这个默认的Action。
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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<!DOCTYPE struts PUBLIC
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"-//Apache Software Foundation//DTD Struts Configuration 2.0//EN"
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" http://struts.apache.org/dtds/struts-2.0.dtd">
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<struts>
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<package name="wwfy" extends="struts-default">
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<default-action-ref name="acctionError"></default-action-ref>
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<action name="acctionError">
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<result>/jsp/actionError.jsp</result>
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</action>
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</package>
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</struts>
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8、<default-interceptor-ref>
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该标签用来设置整个包范围内所有Action所要应用的默认拦截器信息。事实上我们的包继承了struts-
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default包以后,使用的是Struts的默认设置。我们可以在struts-default.xml中找到相关配置:
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?1 <default-interceptor-ref name="defaultStack"/>
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在实际开发过程中,如果我们有特殊的需求是可以改变默认拦截器配置的。当时一旦更改这个配置,
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“defaultStack”将不再被引用,需要手动最加。
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9、<interceptors>
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通过该标签可以向Struts2框架中注册拦截器或者拦截器栈,一般多用于自定义拦截器或拦截器栈的注册。
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该标签使用方法如下:
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<interceptors>
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<interceptor name="拦截器名" class="拦截器类"/>
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<interceptor-stack name="拦截器栈名">
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<interceptor-ref name="拦截器名">
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</interceptor-stack>
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</interceptors>
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10、<interceptor-ref>
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通过该标签可以为其所在的Action添加拦截器功能。当为某个Action单独添加拦截器功能后,<default-
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interceptor-ref>中所指定的拦截器将不再对这个Action起作用。
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11、<global-results>
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该标签用于设置包范围内的全局结果集。在多个Action返回相同逻辑视图的情况下,可以通过<global-
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results>标签统一配置这些物理视图所对应的逻辑视图。
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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<!DOCTYPE struts PUBLIC
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"-//Apache Software Foundation//DTD Struts Configuration 2.0//EN"
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" http://struts.apache.org/dtds/struts-2.0.dtd">
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<struts>
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<package name="wwfy" extends="struts-default">
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<global-results>
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<result name="test">/index.jsp</result>
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</global-results>
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</package>
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</struts>
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